Environmental Compliance & Hazardous Materials

Residential construction projects in Los Angeles routinely involve environmental compliance requirements that are not always visible at the outset: asbestos-containing materials in older homes, lead paint on pre-1978 surfaces, protected native trees, potentially contaminated soil, and stormwater management obligations that apply to most new construction and major renovation projects. These are standard regulatory conditions across the greater Westside, including Pacific Palisades, Bel Air, Beverly Hills, Malibu, and Brentwood.

Understanding these requirements early - ideally before design is finalized and before any physical work begins - allows them to be incorporated into the project budget and schedule rather than addressed reactively during construction.

This guide covers the environmental compliance landscape for residential construction in Los Angeles: what testing and abatement is required, who enforces it, what it typically costs, and how the various regulatory processes are sequenced. The goal is to provide a practical reference for owners, architects, and project teams navigating these requirements.

Environmental compliance issues most commonly surface in one of two ways: they are identified during pre-construction, where they become manageable line items in the budget, or they are discovered during construction - asbestos in the popcorn ceiling a demolition crew just disturbed, contaminated soil in an excavation that cannot be hauled to a standard disposal facility, a protected oak in the footprint of a proposed addition that nobody flagged during design. When an environmental issue is discovered reactively, it does not just add cost. It stops the project, triggers a regulatory process that runs on its own timeline, and creates a sequencing problem that ripples through every trade on the job. The difference between a $5,000 asbestos abatement line item and a $50,000 stop-work remediation is almost always a function of when it was identified, not what was found.

Last updated: March 2026

1. ASBESTOS: SCAQMD RULE 1403 AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR YOUR PROJECT

If you are planning any demolition or renovation on a residential property in the greater Los Angeles area, SCAQMD Rule 1403 applies to your project. The South Coast Air Quality Management District enforces this rule across Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties, and it governs how asbestos-containing materials (ACM) are identified, handled, removed, and disposed of during any construction activity that disturbs building materials.

The core requirement is simple: before any demolition or renovation activity begins, the property must be surveyed for asbestos by a California Certified Asbestos Consultant (CAC) or Certified Site Surveillance Technician (CSST). This applies regardless of the building's age. A house built in 2005 still requires a survey before demolition. A house built in 1955 requires one before you touch anything. The survey must be documented in a written report signed by the consultant.

There is one narrow exception for single-family homes: renovation activity that disturbs less than 100 square feet of intact, undamaged material does not require SCAQMD notification. But the survey itself is still required. And if the material is damaged or friable, the exception does not apply at any quantity.

Where asbestos hides in LA residential construction

Asbestos was used extensively in residential building materials from the 1920s through the late 1970s, and some asbestos-containing products remained in use well into the 1980s. The materials that most commonly test positive in Los Angeles homes include popcorn (acoustic) ceiling texture, vinyl floor tiles and the black mastic adhesive beneath them, drywall joint compound, duct insulation and duct tape on HVAC systems, plaster and stucco, pipe insulation (especially on older hot water and heating systems), roofing materials including shingles and felt paper, and window glazing compound.

Standard practice in the industry is to treat every pre-1985 home as presumed to contain asbestos until a survey proves otherwise, and a survey is recommended on any home regardless of age if demolition or significant renovation is planned.

The survey and testing process

A proper asbestos survey for a residential demolition or renovation project in Los Angeles involves visual identification of suspect materials, physical sampling, and laboratory analysis by an NVLAP-accredited lab using polarized light microscopy. Survey costs vary significantly depending on the size of the home, the number of suspect materials, and whether it is a limited survey (focused on the area to be disturbed) or a comprehensive survey (required for full demolition). A limited survey on a smaller renovation may cost a few hundred dollars, while a comprehensive survey on a large home requiring extensive sampling can run several thousand dollars or more.

The number of samples required depends on the scope of work. For a full demolition, the consultant must survey every material in the building. For a renovation, the survey can be limited to materials that will be disturbed by the work.

The survey produces a report that identifies each material sampled, its location, its condition, and whether it contains asbestos above the 1% threshold that defines ACM under SCAQMD Rule 1403. This report becomes a critical project document - it interfaces with the code and regulatory framework governing the project, is required before LADBS will issue a demolition permit, and is referenced throughout the notification and abatement process.

SCAQMD notification requirements

If the survey identifies asbestos-containing materials, or if the project involves any demolition regardless of survey results, you must notify SCAQMD before work begins. For demolitions, notification is always required. For renovations involving ACM, notification is required when more than 100 square feet of ACM will be disturbed.

Notifications must be submitted through SCAQMD's online web application. SCAQMD notification fees are specified in Rule 301 and are based on the quantity of ACM to be removed.

California Health and Safety Code Section 19827.5 also requires that a copy of the SCAQMD demolition notification be provided to the local permitting authority - in this case, LADBS - before a demolition permit will be issued. This is one of the first compliance checkpoints in the permitting process, so having the SCAQMD notification documentation ready before submitting the demolition permit application keeps the process moving.

Abatement: what it costs and how long it takes

If asbestos-containing materials are identified and will be disturbed by the work, they must be abated (removed) by a licensed asbestos abatement contractor before any demolition or renovation activity proceeds. Abatement must follow one of five procedures specified in Rule 1403, all of which involve containment of the work area, HEPA-filtered negative air pressure, wet methods to suppress fiber release, and proper packaging and disposal of waste at an approved facility.

Abatement costs vary widely depending on the type, quantity, and accessibility of the ACM. For a typical LA residential project, here are the ranges we see:

These numbers are for the Los Angeles market, where labor costs run 30-40% above national averages. The setup and containment phase typically accounts for 60-70% of the total abatement cost, which is why a small job can be disproportionately expensive - the containment and decontamination requirements are essentially fixed regardless of the quantity of material being removed.

Enforcement and non-compliance

SCAQMD Rule 1403 enforcement applies to the property owner, not just the contractor. Penalty provisions include fines of up to $20,000 per day and Cal/OSHA citations of up to $25,000 per serious violation, which is why compliance is typically handled as a straightforward sequencing item during pre-construction rather than something to address after the fact.

If ACM is disturbed without a survey, SCAQMD can issue a stop-work order. Returning to compliance typically requires conducting the survey that was not performed initially, abating any ACM identified, and satisfying SCAQMD that the work area has been decontaminated - a process that routinely adds weeks to months to the project schedule, along with remediation costs and consultant fees in addition to any fines assessed.

2. LEAD PAINT: THE EPA RRP RULE AND CALIFORNIA REQUIREMENTS

Lead-based paint is present in approximately 75% of homes built before 1978, and in Los Angeles - where a large percentage of the housing stock dates to the 1920s through 1970s - lead paint is a common condition in older homes. The regulatory framework for lead paint in renovation is primarily the EPA's Renovation, Repair, and Painting (RRP) Rule, which has been in effect since April 2010 and is actively enforced.

Who the RRP Rule applies to

The RRP Rule applies to any paid renovation, repair, or painting activity that disturbs painted surfaces in homes or child-occupied facilities built before 1978. "Paid" is the key word - the rule applies to contractors, not homeowners doing their own work. But it applies broadly to contractors: general contractors, painters, plumbers, electricians, carpenters - anyone being compensated to perform work that disturbs paint in a pre-1978 home.

What compliance requires

RRP compliance has several components. First, the contracting firm must be EPA-certified as a Lead-Safe Certified Firm. Second, at least one person on each project must be a Certified Renovator who has completed an EPA-accredited training course. Third, the firm must provide the property owner and occupants with the EPA's "Renovate Right" pamphlet before work begins and document that it was provided. Fourth, the work must follow lead-safe work practices: containment of the work area, prohibition of certain practices (open-flame burning, uncontained power sanding), HEPA vacuuming, and wet methods.

The cost of a lead paint inspection by a certified inspector typically runs $300-$600 for a single-family home, depending on size and the number of components tested. Testing is done using either XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analyzers, which provide instant field results, or by collecting paint chip samples for laboratory analysis.

Cost impact on renovation projects

For major renovations on pre-1978 homes, RRP compliance adds cost in two ways: the direct cost of lead-safe work practices (containment, HEPA equipment, specialized cleanup, and waste disposal) and the indirect cost of slower work due to containment setup and cleanup requirements. On a typical kitchen or bathroom renovation in an older LA home, RRP compliance might add $2,000-$5,000 to the project cost. On a whole-house renovation that involves extensive paint disturbance, the cumulative cost of lead-safe practices can reach $10,000-$25,000.

Where lead paint becomes a major cost factor is when full abatement is required or elected rather than managing the lead in place. Full lead abatement - physically removing or permanently encapsulating all lead-based paint surfaces - can run $8-$15 per square foot of affected surface and requires a separate license from the RRP certification. Full abatement is not required by the RRP Rule for renovation projects, but it may be required by other regulations or elected by owners who want the lead permanently addressed.

EPA enforcement activity

EPA enforcement of the RRP Rule has intensified significantly in recent years. In late 2025, Lowe's Home Centers agreed to pay a $12.5 million penalty for widespread RRP violations by contractors it hired for renovation work in customer homes across the country, including work in southern and central California. Individual contractors have faced penalties ranging from several thousand dollars to over $37,000 per violation. EPA conducts compliance monitoring inspections and responds to tips from the public, and general contractors are responsible for ensuring that subcontractors they hire are also certified and following lead-safe practices.

3. WHEN YOU FIND SOMETHING UNEXPECTED: CONTAMINATED SOIL AND HIDDEN HAZARDS

The asbestos and lead paint discussions above deal with known regulatory requirements that should be addressed before construction begins. But some environmental issues only reveal themselves during construction, and how they are handled has a direct impact on project cost and schedule.

Contaminated soil

Los Angeles has a complex environmental history. Decades of leaded gasoline use have deposited lead in soils across the city, particularly near freeways and major roadways. Former agricultural land may contain pesticide residues. Properties near former industrial sites, gas stations, or dry cleaners may have hydrocarbon or solvent contamination.

Post-fire soil contamination: the 2025 Palisades and Eaton fires

The January 2025 Palisades and Eaton fires added a significant new dimension to soil contamination in Los Angeles residential construction. When residential structures burn, the materials within them - lead paint, treated lumber, electronics, batteries, vehicles, solar panels - deposit heavy metals and other contaminants into the surrounding soil. The LA County Department of Public Health confirmed elevated levels of arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, and nickel in ash and topsoil in burned areas, with higher concentrations near destroyed older homes due to legacy lead-based paint and older roofing materials.

The federal debris removal program operated in two phases. Phase 1, managed by the EPA, addressed hazardous materials. Phase 2, managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, involved removing structural debris and scraping approximately 3-6 inches of contaminated topsoil from the ash footprint of destroyed properties. USACE completed debris removal on the final private parcel in the Palisades footprint in August 2025, clearing over 4,000 sites total.

The adequacy of the 6-inch topsoil removal became a significant point of contention. Following the 2018 Camp Fire in Paradise, California, approximately one-third of properties still had toxic chemicals exceeding state cleanup standards after the initial 6-inch scrape, requiring crews to return for additional excavation. For the 2025 LA fires, FEMA declined to conduct post-remediation confirmatory soil testing - a departure from the protocol followed in every major California wildfire since 2007. Members of Congress formally requested that FEMA reverse this decision, and independent testing by USC researchers and LA County found elevated levels of toxins, including lead, in some lots already cleared by the Army Corps.

Fire debris also washed into the Pacific Ocean through storm drain systems, depositing contaminated ash and sediment along Santa Monica Bay beaches from Will Rogers State Beach south toward Dockweiler. Testing found arsenic levels above state thresholds at multiple beach locations, and the EPA established hazardous material staging areas at Will Rogers State Beach and near Topanga Creek to sort and containerize debris before transport to disposal facilities across the western United States.

This type of scope - coordinating environmental testing, managing remediation sequencing, and integrating the results into the reconstruction plan - is what BCG structures as a focused engagement on fire-affected properties.

On most residential construction projects, soil contamination becomes an issue during excavation - either for foundation work, grading, or utility trenching. The excavated material needs to go somewhere, and if it is contaminated above regulatory thresholds, it cannot be disposed of as clean fill. It must be profiled (tested), classified, and hauled to an appropriate receiving facility, which may be a Class I, II, or III landfill depending on contamination levels.

For hillside construction and projects involving significant earthwork, where excavation volumes are larger and haul distances to receiving facilities vary significantly, unexpected soil contamination can shift the earthwork budget by tens of thousands of dollars, making pre-construction soil testing a practical consideration on properties with any contamination history.

Underground storage tanks and other surprises

Older LA properties occasionally harbor underground storage tanks (USTs) - typically former heating oil tanks from the era before natural gas conversion. Discovering a UST during construction triggers a regulatory process through the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health or the Regional Water Quality Control Board, depending on whether the tank has leaked. Tank removal and soil remediation for a leaking UST can easily cost $25,000-$100,000, and the regulatory process can extend months beyond the physical cleanup. Environmental liability insurance and appropriate contract provisions are standard considerations for projects on properties with contamination risk.

Properties with old septic systems, abandoned wells, or previous agricultural uses can present similar surprises. A thorough lot due diligence process that includes historical records review, neighbor conversations, and careful reading of the geotech report can surface many of these issues before construction begins.

The discovery protocol

When unexpected contaminated material is encountered during construction, the correct response follows the sequence above. Contaminated soil sent to a facility that is not permitted to receive it creates regulatory liability for the property owner, the contractor, and the hauling company. The appropriate approach is to stop, test, classify, and proceed with full documentation, even when the testing and remediation add cost and time to the project.

4. PROTECTED TREES: WHAT THE ORDINANCE REQUIRES AND HOW IT AFFECTS SITE PLANNING

The City of Los Angeles protects several species of native trees under LAMC Sections 46.00-46.06, and these regulations have a direct impact on residential construction - not just on tree removal, but on site planning, grading, and foundation design. Understanding what is protected and how the ordinance defines "removal" is an important part of early project planning.

What is protected

Under the current ordinance (amended by Ordinance No. 186,873, effective February 2021), the following species are protected when they measure four inches or more in cumulative trunk diameter at four and one-half feet above ground level:

Valley Oak (Quercus lobata), California Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) and any other tree of the oak genus indigenous to California (excluding Scrub Oak), Southern California Black Walnut (Juglans californica), Western Sycamore (Platanus racemosa), California Bay (Umbellularia californica), Mexican Elderberry (Sambucus mexicana), and Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia). The 2021 amendment added the Mexican Elderberry and Toyon as protected shrub species, recognizing their role in erosion control and native habitat, particularly on hillside properties.

How this affects your project

If your property contains protected trees, LAMC Section 46.02 requires that you apply for and obtain a permit from the Board of Public Works (through the Bureau of Street Services, Urban Forestry Division) before any protected tree can be relocated or removed. The application requires a plot plan showing the location of every protected tree on the property, identification of which trees are proposed for retention, relocation, or removal, and if grading is proposed that may affect a protected tree, a copy of the grading permit application.

For projects requiring discretionary approval from LA City Planning, a Tree Report prepared by a qualified Tree Expert (as defined in LAMC Section 17.02) is required. This report must be completed within the preceding 12 months and must document all protected trees on the property and within the adjacent public right-of-way, assess their health and condition, and evaluate potential impacts from the proposed project. If oak or black walnut trees are present, an additional Habitat Integrity Analysis by a qualified biologist may be required.

The real project impact

Protected trees on hillside and canyon properties throughout the greater Los Angeles area - Pacific Palisades, the Hollywood Hills, Bel Air, and similar neighborhoods - can fundamentally alter what is buildable on a property. A mature California Live Oak can have a canopy spread of 50-70 feet, and the Tree Protection Zone (TPZ) typically extends 15 feet beyond the drip line. When that tree sits in the area of a proposed foundation, the design may need to be reconfigured around the tree, or the owner must go through a permit process that may take months and may ultimately be denied.

On properties that require grading - particularly the removal and re-compaction of artificial fill, which is common on hillside lots subject to grading regulations - protected trees within or adjacent to the grading zone add another layer of complexity. Heavy equipment operation within the TPZ, changes in grade around the root system, and soil compaction can all constitute "removal" under the ordinance. Coordinating grading operations around protected trees while maintaining the structural integrity of the site work requires careful planning between the geotechnical engineer, civil engineer, and arborist.

Tree surveys and documentation

During the survey, trees are tagged in the field by species and their locations recorded on a site plan or plot plan for submission with the permit application. For projects requiring discretionary review, the Tree Report must have been completed within the preceding 12 months, so timing the survey relative to the permit application timeline is important.

Alternatives to removal: relocation and replacement

In some cases, protected trees can be relocated rather than removed, though this is not a simple or inexpensive process. Tree relocation requires coordination with a certified arborist, specialized equipment, and a receiving location that can support the tree's root system and canopy. Success rates vary depending on the species, size, and condition of the tree, and the process typically requires monitoring by an arborist during and after the move.

Where removal is approved, the replacement requirement is a 4:1 ratio - four replacement trees for each protected tree removed. Each replacement must be of a protected species, at least 15 gallons in size, one inch or more in diameter one foot above the base, and at least seven feet in height. When replacement involves more than two protected trees, the permit requires a full public hearing before the Board of Public Works.

If the site cannot physically accommodate the required replacements, the City offers a Tree Replacement Guarantee (in-lieu) fee as an alternative, paid into a public trust fund administered by the Board of Public Works for tree planting in other areas of the city. Regardless of which path is taken - on-site replacement or in-lieu fee - the process includes ongoing obligations. Replacement trees must be maintained, and the Board of Public Works retains authority to inspect the property for compliance with the conditions of the tree removal permit.

Jurisdiction matters

The protected tree regulations vary by jurisdiction within the greater LA area, and this is something to verify early if your project is in an incorporated city rather than the City of Los Angeles. Beverly Hills has its own tree protection ordinance (Title 10, Chapter 3, Article 29) that protects heritage trees (any tree between the home and the street with a trunk circumference of 48 inches or more), native trees, and urban groves (groups of 50 or more trees where canopies are within 6 feet of each other). Beverly Hills also requires an indemnity bond for construction near protected trees, covering the cost to replace any mature trees harmed during the project.

Malibu, for areas under LA County jurisdiction, follows the County's oak tree ordinance, which protects oaks 8 inches or more in diameter and defines a protected zone extending at least 5 feet beyond the drip line or 15 feet from the trunk, whichever is greater. Santa Monica has separate regulations. Each jurisdiction has its own permit process, replacement requirements, and enforcement mechanisms.

5. STORMWATER AND LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENT (LID) REQUIREMENTS

The City of Los Angeles adopted its Stormwater LID Ordinance in November 2011 (Ordinance No. 181,899, updated in 2015 and again in April 2024 by Ordinance No. 188,125), requiring new development and redevelopment projects to incorporate stormwater management measures into their design. For residential construction, this regulation applies at thresholds that are lower than many project teams initially expect, making it important to evaluate LID applicability early in the design process.

When LID applies to residential projects

The LID ordinance applies to any development or redevelopment that creates, adds, or replaces more than 500 square feet of impervious surface area. That threshold is remarkably low. A new driveway, a pool deck, a patio extension, a garage addition - any of these can trigger LID compliance if the impervious area exceeds 500 square feet. For perspective, a standard two-car driveway is typically 400-600 square feet. A new construction project or major renovation that expands the building footprint will almost certainly exceed this threshold.

Projects that do not trigger LID include any development creating less than 500 square feet of new impervious area, building alterations or additions that do not expand the building footprint, any work not requiring a building permit, and emergency construction required for public health and safety protection.

What LID compliance involves

LID compliance is managed through the City's Bureau of Sanitation, which performs LID plan check as part of the building permit review process. The plan review follows a hierarchy of preferred stormwater management approaches, in order of preference: on-site infiltration, bioretention, or rainfall harvest; if those are infeasible, then biofiltration or off-site groundwater replenishment; and if all of the above are infeasible, then on-site treatment.

For a typical residential project in the $3M-$15M range, LID compliance usually involves some combination of permeable paving (driveways, patios, walkways), bioretention planters or rain gardens, dry wells or infiltration galleries, and potentially a rainwater capture system. The design must manage the stormwater quality design volume (SWQDV) - essentially the difference in runoff between the site's undeveloped condition and its developed condition for the design storm event.

On larger projects or sites with limited infiltration capacity, LID compliance may require more substantial infrastructure. Underground cistern tanks - ranging from modest residential units to large-capacity systems requiring shoring for installation - can store significant volumes of rainwater for landscape irrigation or other non-potable uses. Continuous Deflective Separation (CDS) units, which are hydrodynamic separators housed in manhole-type structures, filter sediment, debris, and hydrocarbons from stormwater before it enters the infiltration or storage system. Graywater systems, which capture and reuse water from showers, sinks, and laundry for landscape irrigation, may be incorporated as part of the overall water management strategy and require a cross-connection test inspected by a public works inspector to verify the graywater system is properly isolated from the potable water supply.

The practical requirements include a site plan showing all proposed BMP locations with GPS coordinates, complete construction details for each BMP, and a Covenant and Agreement (C&A) recorded against the property title indicating that the owner is aware of and agrees to maintain the stormwater BMP features in perpetuity. That covenant runs with the land - it transfers to future owners and creates an ongoing maintenance obligation.

Cost and timeline impact

LID compliance adds cost to a project in three areas: design (engineering the stormwater management system), construction (building the BMPs), and plan review (the separate LID plan check process through the Bureau of Sanitation).

For a typical single-family residential project in LA, LID compliance costs generally fall in these ranges:

The total LID compliance cost for a single-family residential project typically starts in the $15,000-$50,000 range for projects using standard BMPs like permeable paving and bioretention. On projects that require large cistern tanks, CDS pretreatment units, or graywater systems - particularly on hillside properties where soil infiltration rates may be limited by clay content or bedrock and where there is less available area for surface BMPs - total LID costs can exceed $75,000-$100,000 depending on site conditions and system complexity.

For fire rebuild projects in Pacific Palisades and other affected areas following the 2025 fires, LID requirements present a particular challenge. Many fire rebuild projects involve replacing a home on an existing footprint, but if the rebuild adds impervious surface or alters drainage patterns beyond the thresholds, LID compliance is triggered. Understanding whether your specific rebuild triggers LID - and designing accordingly from the start - is an important part of the early planning process.

Certificate of occupancy and ongoing maintenance

LID compliance does not end at construction completion. Before a Certificate of Occupancy can be issued, the property must pass a stormwater inspection verifying that the approved BMPs have been installed as designed. This requires submitting a Stormwater Observation Report (SOR) form - for residential projects of four units or fewer, this can be completed by the owner, contractor, or architect of record.

The recorded Covenant and Agreement requires that the BMPs be maintained in good working condition in perpetuity. In practice, this includes annual cleaning of permeable paving, maintenance of bioretention plantings, and periodic inspection of infiltration systems. The city has the authority to inspect properties for BMP compliance and to enforce maintenance requirements. As a practical matter, enforcement on existing residential properties has been limited, but the covenant creates a legal obligation that survives transfer of ownership and could become relevant in a dispute or a future transaction.

6. HOW ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE FITS INTO PRE-CONSTRUCTION

Environmental compliance is most effectively addressed during the feasibility and pre-construction deliverables phase, before any physical work begins. The specific scope depends on the project type - a teardown and new build on a flat lot has a different environmental profile than a structural remediation on a 1940s hillside home - but the general approach follows a consistent pattern.

During pre-construction, the asbestos survey and lead paint assessment are coordinated and the results integrated into the demolition scope and budget. SCAQMD notifications and LADBS permit requirements are sequenced so they do not hold up the schedule. Protected trees are identified and arborist and permit processes initiated early enough that they do not become bottlenecks. The civil engineer and architect incorporate LID requirements into the design from the start rather than retrofitting them after the design is substantially complete.

For information on how BCG manages major renovations on residential projects in Los Angeles, including asbestos and lead paint coordination, concealed condition assessment, and code compliance sequencing, see our Major Renovation Contractor page.

For information on how BCG manages fire rebuild projects in Los Angeles, including post-fire soil evaluation, environmental remediation coordination, and full reconstruction delivery, see our Fire Rebuild Contractor page.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

The information on this page is provided for educational purposes and reflects the professional experience and perspective of Benson Construction Group. Cost ranges, timelines, and regulatory references reflect current conditions for the greater Los Angeles area and may vary based on project-specific conditions, site complexity, regulatory requirements, and market fluctuations. Environmental regulations are subject to change, and specific code sections referenced herein should be verified against current published rules before reliance. This content does not constitute professional advice for any specific project. Consult qualified environmental professionals, certified asbestos consultants, and licensed contractors for project-specific guidance.